Luiseño Homework Bryce Schroeder 1. Lexicon 1.1 Nouns 1.2 Pronouns 1.3 Verbs 1.4 'po' 2. Verbs in Relative Clauses 2.1 Agreement in Person with the Subject 2.2 Number Agreement with Subject 2.3 Agreement with the Case of the Antecedent of the Relative Clause 2.4 Tense/Aspect Marking 2.5 Ordering of Verbal Affixes 1. Lexicon 1.1 Nouns ʔataax 'person' ʔawaal 'dog' ʂuŋaal 'woman' 1.2 Pronouns noo 'I' po, ponee 'that' (See also 1.4) 1.3 Verbs ʔaamo 'hunt' koʔi 'bite' paaʔi 'drink' waʔi 'bark' yiʔyi 'play [with]' 1.4. Relative Pronoun 'po' I at first analyzed 'po' as a verbal auxiliary, but this was clearly a mistake as it is much better to consider it a relative pronoun. The relative pronoun is marked case and agrees with the subject in number: Singular Plural Subject po po-mo-m Object po-nee-yi po-nee-m-i 'po' is clearly the stem of the pronoun. The morpheme '-nee' is suffixed to the stem when the relative clause is the object of the matrix sentence (the relativizer of a relative clause that is the subject is the matrix sentence is unmarked.) For plural subjects of the verb of the relative clause, '-mom' is suffixed to the relativizer if the relative clause is the subject in the matrix sentence, otherwise, if the relative clause is the object, '-m' is suffixed. Probably '-m' indicates the plural, and '-mo' marks the fact that the relative clause is the subject of the matrix sentence, but '-mo' is not included in the singular form. (One doesn't apparently say *'po-mo', rather just 'po'). When the relative clause is the object of the sentence, the relativizer finally receives a suffix, '-yi' if the subject is singular and '-i' if it is plural. It would be interesting to find out if the alternation between '-yi' and 'i' is to avoid hiatus that would otherwise be present. (*'po-nee-i') So, interestingly, the fact that the relative clause is the object of the matrix sentence is redundantly marked. (From either '-yi'/-'i'/'-y' or 'nee' alone we could recognize it as an object.) 2. Verbs in Relative Clauses Unfortunately the data do not include examples of verbs not in relative clauses, without the relativizer 'po'. So, if 'po' is actually an auxiliary verb (which I think unlikely), the other verbs we consider may actually be participles and 'po' a copula. I don't think that is the case though. The verb is marked for tense-aspect. (past-progressive, present-progressive, past-perfective, and future-perfective are observed in the data.) It agrees with its subject in number and person, and with the relativizer in case. Only the person-number combinations 1Sg, 3Sg and 3Pl are to be found in the provided data. 2.1 Agreement in Person with the Subject When the subject of the relative clause is not the noun modified it, the verb of the relative clause agrees in person with the subject of the relative clause, taking the prefixes 'no-' for the first person singular, and 'po-' for the third person singular. No other prefixes are attested to in the data. Example: 'koʔi' 'bite' (The stars represent forms not seen in the data) 1Sg 3Sg 3Pl Past Progressive * * * Present Progressive no-koʔi-qat po-koʔi-qat * Past Perfective no-koʔi-vo po-koʔi-vo * Future Perfective no-koʔi-pi po-koʔi-pi * Oh the other hand, when the antecedent of the relative clause is also its subject, at least in the third person the agreement prefix does not appear. The data is insufficient to indicate if the prefix is also dropped for persons other than the third. 'ʔaamo' 'hunt' (The stars represent forms not seen in the data) 1Sg 3Sg 3Pl Past Progressive * ʔaamo-mokwič- ʔaamo-mokwič-um Present Progressive * ʔaamo-qat ʔaamo-qat-um Past Perfective * * * Future Perfective * ʔaamo-lut ʔaamo-kut-um There aren't any examples of the past perfective in the data, but I would expect to see *'ʔaamo-vo', 'hunted' 2.2 Number Agreement with Subject The verb agrees with the subject in number, taking the suffix '-um' when the subject is plural. The singular is not marked with a prefix. ʔawaal ʔawaal-um dog dog-PL 'dog' 'dogs' 2.3 Agreement with the Case of the Antecedent of the Relative Clause The verb takes a suffix, which exhibits three forms, '-i', '-yi', and '-y', when the antecedent of the relative clause is the object of the matrix sentence. This could also be interpreted as agreement with the relative pronoun, which in turn agrees with the case of the antecedent. This analysis may be preferable. The choice of the form of the suffix appears to be determined phonologically. I suspect that the normal form is /i/ but I am not sure. 2.4 Tense/Aspect Marking Tense and aspect are apparently intertwined, although given the limited data perhaps my interpretation of the tense/aspectual system is being colored by English. Tense and aspect are marked by suffixes to the verb stem: Past Progressive mokwič / mokwiš Present Progressive qat Past Perfective vo Future Perfective kut / lut / pi The choice between 'mokwič' and 'mokwiš' phonological; 'mokwiš' appears when there is no other suffix after it. The choice of 'pi' versus either 'kut' or 'lut' is determined by the verb's subject: if the verb's subject is the antecedent of the relative clause, then it is 'kut' or 'lut', otherwise it is 'pi'. The choice of 'kut' versus 'lut' for the future tense, perfective aspect depends on the number of the subject. 'kut' is for plural subjects and 'lut' for singular ones. Because of the choice between 'kut'/'lut'/'pi' for the Future Perfective, I am led to wonder if there are other forms of the other tense-aspect markers. Also it seems unusual for there to be so many ways to marking the Future Perfective. 2.5 Ordering of Verbal Affixes The form of the verb is: [Person prefix]-Stem-[Tense-Aspect suffix]-[Number suffix]-[Case Suffix] The agreement for person and number are with the subject of the verb. The agreement for case is with the antecedent of the relative clause.